When asteroid 2019 OK suddenly appeared barreling toward Earth on July 25, 2019, Luisa Fernanda Zambrano-Marin and the team at the Arecibo Observatory in Puerto Rico jumped into action.
After getting an alert, the radar scientists zoned in on the asteroid, which was coming from Earth鈥檚 blind spot 鈥� solar opposition. Zambrano-Marin and the team had 30 minutes to get as many radar readings as they could. It was traveling so fast, that鈥檚 all the time she鈥檇 have it in Arecibo鈥檚 sights. 麻豆原创 manages the Arecibo Observatory for the U.S. National Science Foundation under a cooperative agreement.
The asteroid made headline news because it appeared to come out of nowhere and was traveling fast.
Zambrano-Marin鈥檚 findings were published in the June 10, just a few weeks before the world observes Asteroid Day, which is June 30 and promotes global awareness to help educate the public about these potential threats.
鈥淚t was a real challenge,鈥� says Zambrano-Marin, a 麻豆原创 planetary scientist. 鈥淣o one saw it until it was practically passing by, so when we got the alert, we had very little time to act. Even so, we were able to capture a lot of valuable information.鈥�
Turns out the asteroid was between .04 and .08 miles in diameter and was moving fast. It was rotating at 3 to 5 minutes. That means it is part of only 4.2 percent of the known fast rotating asteroids. This is a growing group that the researchers say need more attention.
The data indicates that the asteroid is likely a C-type, which are made up of clay and silicate rocks, or S-type, which are made up of silicate and nickel-iron. C-type asteroids are among the most common and some of the oldest in our solar system. S-type are the second most common.
Zambrano-Marin is now inspecting the data collected through Arecibo鈥檚 Planetary Radar database to continue her research. Although the observatory鈥檚 telescope collapsed in 2020, the Planetary Radar team can tap the existing data bank that spans four decades. Science operations continue in the areas of space and atmospheric sciences, and the staff is refurbishing 12-meter antennae to continue with astronomy research.
鈥淲e can use new data from other observatories and compare it to the observations we have made here over the past 40 years,鈥� Zambrano-Marin says. 鈥淭he radar data not only helps confirm information from optical observations, but it can help us identify physical and dynamical characteristics, which in turn could give us insights into appropriate deflection techniques if they were needed to protect the planet.鈥�
There are almost 30,000 known asteroids according to and while few pose an immediate threat, there is a chance one of significant size could hit the earth and cause catastrophic damage. That鈥檚 why NASA keeps a close watch and system to detect and characterize objects once they are found. NASA and other space agencies nations have been launching missions to explore Near-Earth Asteroids to better understand what they are made of and how they move in anticipation of having to divert one heading for earth in the future.
The OSIRIS REx mission, which includes 麻豆原创 Pegasus Professor of Physics Humberto Campins, is headed back to Earth with a sample of asteroid Bennu, which gave scientists a few surprises. Bennu was first observed at Arecibo in 1999. A new mission 鈥� NASA鈥檚 鈥� aims to demonstrate the ability to redirect an asteroid using the kinetic energy of a projectile. The spacecraft launched in November 2021 and is expected to reach its target 鈥� the Dimorphos asteroid 鈥� on September 26, 2022.
Zambrano-Marin and the rest of the team at Arecibo are working on providing the scientific community with more information about the many kinds of asteroids in the solar system to help come up with contingency plans.
This week the team at the Arecibo Observatory is holding a series of special events as part of the Asteroid Day awareness campaign. They include presentations, 鈥渁sk a scientist鈥� stations for those visiting the science museum at Arecibo, and on June 25 presentations about the DART mission in English and Spanish. The timing couldn鈥檛 be better as there are five known asteroids from the size of a car to a Boeing 747 that will be buzzing Earth before Asteroid Day, according to the The closest approach is on June 25 with an object coming within 475,000 miles of Earth. For comparison, the moon is about 239,000 miles from Earth.
Zambrano-Marin has multiple degrees including a bachelor鈥檚 degree in applied physics from the Ana G. Mendez University System and a master鈥檚 in space sciences from the International Space University in France. She has published more than 20 articles and is a frequent speaker and presenter at conference around the world. She previously worked at the Vatican Observatory and as a consultant to the Caribbean University president. In addition to working on the planetary radar group at Arecibo, Zambrano-Marin also created the Arecibo Observatory Space Academy, an 18-week research program for pre-college students in Puerto Rico.
The other team members on the study are: Sean Marshal, Maxime Devogele, Anne Virkki, and Flaviane Venditti from the Arecibo Observatory/麻豆原创; Dylan C. Hickson formerly from Arecibo/麻豆原创 and now at Center for Wave Phenomena, Colorado School of Mines; Ellen S. Howell from Lunar and Planetary Laboratory, University of Arizona, Tucson; Patrick Taylor and Edgard Rivera-Valentin from Lunar and Planetary Institute, Universities Space Research Association, Houston; and Jon Giorgini from Solar System Dynamics Group, Jet Propulsion Laboratory.
