The Pope’s Meteor Man
Spring 2021 触听By Jenna Marina Lee
As Neil Armstrong and Edwin 鈥淏uzz鈥� Aldrin landed on the moon July 20, 1969, Pope Paul VI watched the historic moment from the Vatican Observatory at Castel Gandolfo near Rome.
Shortly after touchdown, the pope transmitted a blessing to the American astronauts: 鈥淗onor, greetings and blessings to you, conquerors of the moon, pale lamp of our nights and our dreams! Bring to her, with your living presence, the voice of the spirit, a hymn to God, our Creator and our Father. We are close to you, with our good wishes and with our prayers.鈥�
The moon landing epitomized the limitless potential of mankind, inspired our insatiable pursuit of knowledge, and furthered our awe and wonder with the universe. And in some ways, the moon landing was like coming home.
For the moon, the sun, the Earth, even humans 鈥� we are all connected by the very thing that made us: stardust.
鈥淭here is a tendency for us to see the mundane 鈥� which is literally the stuff of the Earth 鈥� and then there鈥檚 the stuff out there in space,鈥� says Brother Robert Macke 鈥�10PhD, a 麻豆原创 physics alum who serves as the curator of the Vatican鈥檚 meteorite collection. 鈥淏ut the stuff out there and the mundane are really connected. We are part of the same universe. That鈥檚 one reason to understand and learn about it. It鈥檚 not just out there. It鈥檚 here [within us] too.鈥�
Before COVID, the question I got most often from people when they learned I worked at the Vatican was, 鈥榃hen can I visit?鈥� 鈥� Macke says with a laugh from his office at the observatory, located one floor below his residence.
While the general public may be surprised to learn the Vatican has an observatory, secular astronomers and scientists are very much aware of Catholics鈥� contributions to the field.
More than 30 craters on the moon and several asteroids are named after Jesuit scientists. The Gregorian calendar 鈥� which is nearly universal today 鈥� was developed by Jesuit priest Christopher Clavius. The originator of the Big Bang theory, Monsignor Georges Lema卯tre, was a priest as well.
鈥淭he origin of the universe is still shrouded in mystery, and the Vatican Observatory is a world-class operation employing some of the best people in the world who try to deal with these questions on a daily basis in a scientific way,鈥� says Dan Britt, Pegasus Professor of astronomy and planetary sciences. 鈥淭he better you understand reality, the better you can deal with the world and the universe 鈥� and the better you know your limitations but also your possibilities. What the scientists at the Vatican Observatory are interested in doing is increasing the human race鈥檚 possibilities.鈥�
And yet, it isn鈥檛 just science alone that contributes to that quest. Inherent within scientific research and discovery are elements of awe and wonder; elements that are also inherent within faith and our connection to the universe.
Every phenomenon in the world can be subjected to a slew of scientific and rigorous questions that result in a pretty complete answer rooted in fact and reason. But those conclusions still do not always give us the full picture, says Bruce Janz, a 麻豆原创 philosophy professor with a background in religious studies.
鈥淵ou can know everything about childbirth in terms of the biology and medical practice, and that still doesn鈥檛 explain the wonder of it all,鈥� Janz says. 鈥淚t is possible to assign the causal questions to science and the questions of meaning to other domains. Philosopher Immanuel Kant tried to do something like that 鈥� he made a distinction between questions we can know scientifically, like the Earth revolving around the sun, and questions we can鈥檛 know scientifically but we can still think about, like what makes art beautiful? In other words, while scientific reason is crucial for everything, it might not be sufficient to reflect all human experience.鈥�
Astronauts have been known to experience this dichotomy in space. It鈥檚 referred to as the overview effect. Through personal journal entries and interviews, astronauts of various nationalities and religious backgrounds have described the astonishment felt while gazing upon the Earth from above.
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[blockquote source=”Dan Britt, 麻豆原创 Pegasus Professor” cite=”” color=”#D4A34E” css_class=””]鈥淭he better you understand reality, the better you can deal with the world and the universe 鈥� and the better you know your limitations but also your possibilities.鈥漑/blockquote]
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Inspired by this concept, Janz and a team of 麻豆原创 researchers conducted a two-year study in 2011 to better understand the awe and wonder astronauts experienced.
Using an approach that combines psychological, neuroscientific and philosophical methods, they found that it was indeed possible to elicit experiences of the two emotions in a deliberate simulation. Their findings appear to show that awe and wonder are not necessarily just a transcendental experience, but a natural one, which means it is able to be studied.
鈥淚f they鈥檙e a natural experience, it doesn鈥檛 mean they鈥檙e not potentially religious,鈥� Janz says. 鈥淚t just means it has something to do with the structures of our brains. 鈥� Awe is about a set of new possibilities. Once you鈥檝e exhausted your way of thinking about the world, awe suggests there鈥檚 a much bigger, much different and maybe exciting new way to look at the world.鈥�
The study further explains that awe motivates wonder, and wonder has the potential to change one鈥檚 life. For instance, Janz asks, as we work toward making long-term space travel possible 鈥� such as a mission to Mars 鈥� how could studies on awe and wonder help astronauts stave off their negative counterpart, dread?
鈥淭he beauty of science is that every time that we get answers, we end up with more questions,鈥� Britt says. 鈥淎ll of us are working on little pieces of this puzzle. Some of us sometimes get a big chunk of that puzzle, but most of us just chip away 鈥� some successfully, some not so successfully 鈥� at these little pieces. I think the more we know doesn鈥檛 take away from the magic because there鈥檚 an infinite amount of awe and wonder about what鈥檚 going on around us.鈥�
Macke chips away at the unknown one small step at a time through his research with meteorites. His work is inspired by a Latin phrase that serves as the motto of the Vatican Observatory: Deum creatorem venite adoremus. Come, let us adore God the Creator.
鈥淏y doing science, we are appreciating the God that created this universe,鈥� Macke says. 鈥淔or us, science is a form of worship.鈥�
Pope Leo XIII formalized the Vatican Observatory on a hillside behind the dome of St. Peter鈥檚 Basilica in 1891 鈥� more than 250 years after the Catholic Church鈥檚 condemnation and imprisonment of astronomer Galileo Galilei for his belief that the Earth revolves around the sun. While the church eventually cleared Galileo鈥檚 name of heresy, people remember the rift rather than the resolution.
The observatory, Macke says, has existed all these years as a sign to the world that the church does indeed support and commit itself to science.
鈥淲hat we鈥檙e interested in doing here is science, and we want to do good science,鈥� Macke says. 鈥淎nd what we have learned scientifically helps inform our perspective on the universe as a whole and the grandness of creation.鈥�
The observatory has since moved to Castel Gandolfo, about 15 miles outside of Rome, where the skies are聽not as affected by the city鈥檚 light. Forty years ago, the observatory established a second center, the Vatican Observatory Research Group in Tucson, Arizona.
Jesuits have run the observatory since 1907. Started by St. Ignatius of Loyola in the 1500s, the Society of Jesus, or Jesuits, is a religious order within the Catholic Church. Pope Francis became the first Jesuit named as the church鈥檚 leader when he assumed the role in 2013.
Jesuits most commonly work as university professors, pastors, high school teachers and chaplains but have even been Broadway actors, doctors, lawyers and of course, astronomers.
Macke entered the Jesuits in 2001 as a brother. He has taken the vows of poverty, chastity and obedience, but he has not pursued the path to priesthood.
鈥淭he way that I see it, there鈥檚 the call to religious life, which is the call to the vows of poverty, chastity and obedience within the life of the Jesuit community, and then there鈥檚 a separate call, the call to sacramental ministry of priesthood, to say Mass and do baptisms and perform those duties,鈥� he says. 鈥淚 felt the one call but not the other.鈥�
Despite these two powerful passions in his life, Macke didn鈥檛 initially set his sights on working at the Vatican. It鈥檚 as if the stars aligned to get him there.
He fell into working with meteorites after being plucked by Brother Guy Consolmagno, now the director of the Vatican Observatory, to work with him at the Vatican in 2004. The two first met in 1995 at an American Astronomical Society meeting in Tucson. Consolmagno and 麻豆原创鈥檚 Britt have been longtime friends and collaborators, so when a graduate student position opened in Britt鈥檚 research lab in 2007, Consolmagno suggested to Macke that he apply for it.
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[blockquote source=”Robert Macke 鈥�10PhD, curator of the Vatican鈥檚 meteorite collection” cite=”” color=”#D4A34E” css_class=””]鈥淔or us, science is a form of worship.鈥漑/blockquote]
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Macke completed his doctorate in 2010 and finished his theology studies at Boston College in 2013. Soon after, he moved to Italy to start his new role.
鈥淭hey knew I was a capable scientist, and a Jesuit who is a capable scientist quickly gets on the Vatican Observatory鈥檚 radar,鈥� Macke says.
Macke鈥檚 day-to-day responsibilities include cataloging and maintaining the observatory鈥檚 meteorite collection, which includes more than 1,100 specimens representing all meteorite types. The collection started in the early 1900s after Adrien-Charles de Mauroy, a French marquis and devout Catholic, donated his private collection of roughly 1,000 meteorites, hoping that the Vatican would start a natural history museum.
The museum never happened, but the observatory did, and it has offered up its collection to scientists globally for research purposes. By studying meteorites, scientists are able to understand more about the origins of our solar system.
鈥淏ecause the planets are big and geologically active, they鈥檙e constantly making new stuff,鈥� Macke says. 鈥淪o if you want to understand the really early days of the solar system, you need something that preserves the data, and that鈥檚 what we have in meteorites. They鈥檙e sort of like time capsules.鈥�
In October, NASA鈥檚 OSIRIS-REx mission, for which 麻豆原创 Professor of Physics Humberto Campins is a co-investigator, successfully retrieved an asteroid sample in space. The sample from the asteroid Bennu is expected to be delivered to Earth in 2023, and Macke鈥檚 previous research on the thermal properties of meteorites will likely be an asset for the OSIRIS-REx team.
鈥淸Macke鈥檚] work allows lots of other scientists to basically stand on his shoulders and go in a lot of different directions,鈥� Britt says. 鈥淭he work that Bob has done is going to be critical in how they look at that sample and how they analyze the structure of Bennu.鈥�
Despite the observatory鈥檚 long history and contributions to science, many Americans believe faith and science are generally at odds with each other.
According to a 2015 survey conducted by the Pew Research Center, 鈥渢he least religiously observant Americans are most likely to perceive conflict between religion and science. More than 70% of adults who seldom or never attend religious services viewed science and religion to conflict often, while half of adults who attend religious services at least weekly reported the same.鈥�
鈥淚n our world today, there is an idea that you have to choose between faith and science 鈥� do one and exclude the other,鈥� Macke says. 鈥淲e are here to say no, you can do both. You can be a person of faith and a person of science.鈥�
And that relationship just might provide a more complete understanding of our connection with the universe 鈥� and why both scientists and people of faith continue to ask questions about our origins, our existence and our purpose.
鈥淭here鈥檚 a Babylon 5 quote: 鈥楩aith and reason are the shoes on your feet. You can travel further with both than you can with just one,鈥� 鈥� Macke says. 鈥淚t鈥檚 not that the one is affecting the other per se. Science is a wonderful tool, but it鈥檚 a tool that is useful for understanding a certain aspect of reality, which is the way the physical world operates. Faith is a way of connecting with God and with others, but it is not something that tells us much about the physical world. So between the two of them, you help to develop a more complete picture of reality that one by itself just cannot provide.鈥�